Jason Heyward hits a ball that is pitched to him in 2016
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Highest governing body | World Baseball Softball Confederation |
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First played | 18th-century England (predecessors) 19th-century United States (modern version) |
Characteristics | |
Contact | Limited |
Team members | 9 |
Mixed gender | Yes, separate competitions |
Type | Team sport, bat-and-ball |
Equipment | Baseball Baseball bat Baseball glove Bases |
Venue | Baseball field |
Glossary | Glossary of baseball |
Presence | |
Country or region | Worldwide (most prominent in the Americas and East Asia) |
Olympic | Demonstration sport: 1912, 1936, 1952, 1956, 1964, 1984 and 1988 Medal sport: 1992â2008, 2020â |
World Games | 1981[1] |
- 2Personnel
- 3Strategy and tactics
-
4History
- 4.1In the United States
- 5Distinctive elements
- 6Statistics
- 7Popularity and cultural impact
Rules and gameplay
- The baseball is about the size of an adult's fist, around 9 inches (23 centimeters) in circumference. It has a rubber or cork center, wound in yarn and covered in white cowhide, with red stitching.[6]
- The bat is a hitting tool, traditionally made of a single, solid piece of wood. Other materials are now commonly used for nonprofessional games. It is a hard round stick, about 2.5 inches (6.4 centimeters) in diameter at the hitting end, tapering to a narrower handle and culminating in a knob. Bats used by adults are typically around 34 inches (86 centimeters) long, and not longer than 42 inches (106 centimeters).[7]
- The glove or mitt is a fielding tool, made of padded leather with webbing between the fingers. As an aid in catching and holding onto the ball, it takes various shapes to meet the specific needs of different fielding positions.[8]
Personnel
Players
![Pre recorded music Pre recorded music](/uploads/1/2/6/2/126296138/784022751.jpg)
- Eight position players: the catcher, four infielders, and three outfieldersâall of whom play on a regular basis
- Five starting pitchers who constitute the team's pitching rotation or starting rotation
- Six relief pitchers, including one closer, who constitute the team's bullpen (named for the off-field area where pitchers warm up)
- One backup, or substitute, catcher
- Two backup infielders
- Two backup outfielders
- One pinch hitter, or a second backup catcher, or a seventh reliever
Other
Strategy and tactics
Pitching and fielding tactics
Batting and baserunning tactics
History
Part of a series on the |
By country |
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Other topics |
Related games |
Baseball portal |
In the United States
Establishment of professional leagues
Rise of Ruth and racial integration
Attendance records and the age of steroids
Around the world
Distinctive elements
No clock to kill
Individual focus
Uniqueness of each baseball park
Statistics
- At bats: plate appearances, excluding walks and hit by pitchesâwhere the batter's ability is not fully testedâand sacrifices and sacrifice fliesâwhere the batter intentionally makes an out in order to advance one or more baserunners
- Hits: times reached base because of a batted, fair ball without fielding error or fielder's choice
- Runs: times circling the bases and reaching home safely
- Runs batted in (RBIs): number of runners who scored due to a batter's action (including the batter, in the case of a home run), except when batter grounded into double play or reached on an error
- Home runs: hits on which the batter successfully touched all four bases, without the contribution of a fielding error
- Batting average: hits divided by at batsâthe traditional measure of batting ability
- Stolen bases: times advancing to the next base entirely due to the runner's own efforts, generally while the pitcher is preparing to deliver or delivering the ball
- Caught stealing: times tagged out while attempting to steal a base
- Wins: credited to pitcher on winning team who last pitched before the team took a lead that it never relinquished (a starting pitcher must pitch at least five innings to qualify for a win)
- Losses: charged to pitcher on losing team who was pitching when the opposing team took a lead that it never relinquished
- Saves: games where the pitcher enters a game led by the pitcher's team, finishes the game without surrendering the lead, is not the winning pitcher, and either (a) the lead was three runs or less when the pitcher entered the game; (b) the potential tying run was on base, at bat, or on deck; or (c) the pitcher pitched three or more innings
- Innings pitched: outs recorded while pitching divided by three (partial innings are conventionally recorded as, e.g., '5.2' or '7.1', the last digit actually representing thirds, not tenths, of an inning)
- Strikeouts: times pitching three strikes to a batter
- Winning percentage: wins divided by decisions (wins plus losses)
- Earned run average (ERA): runs allowed, excluding those resulting from fielding errors, per nine innings pitched
- Putouts: times the fielder catches a fly ball, tags or forces out a runner, or otherwise directly effects an out
- Assists: times a putout by another fielder was recorded following the fielder touching the ball
- Errors: times the fielder fails to make a play that should have been made with common effort, and the batting team benefits as a result
- Total chances: putouts plus assists plus errors
- Fielding average: successful chances (putouts plus assists) divided by total chances
Sabermetrics
- On-base percentage measures a batter's ability to get on base. It is calculated by taking the sum of the batter's successes in getting on base (hits plus walks plus hit by pitches) and dividing that by the batter's total plate appearances (at bats plus walks plus hit by pitches plus sacrifice flies), except for sacrifice bunts.[139]
- Slugging percentage measures a batter's ability to hit for power. It is calculated by taking the batter's total bases (one per each single, two per double, three per triple, and four per home run) and dividing that by the batter's at bats.[140]
- On-base plus slugging (OPS) measures a batter's overall ability. It is calculated by adding the batter's on-base percentage and slugging percentage.[141]
- Walks plus hits per inning pitched (WHIP) measures a pitcher's ability at preventing hitters from reaching base. It is calculated exactly as its name suggests.[142]
Popularity and cultural impact
![Games Games](/uploads/1/2/6/2/126296138/589958065.jpg)
In popular culture
See also
- Related sports
- Brännboll (Scandinavian bat-and-ball game)
- Lapta (game) (Russian bat-and-ball game)
- OinÄ (Romanian bat-and-ball game)
- Pesäpallo ('Finnish baseball')
References
Solitaire
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Further reading
- Dickson, Paul. The Dickson Baseball Dictionary, 3d ed. (W. W. Norton, 2009). ISBN0-393-06681-9
- Fitts, Robert K. Remembering Japanese Baseball: An Oral History of the Game (Southern Illinois University Press, 2005). ISBN0-8093-2629-9
- Gillette, Gary, and Pete Palmer (eds.). The ESPN Baseball Encyclopedia, 5th ed. (Sterling, 2008). ISBN1-4027-6051-5
- Peterson, Robert. Only the Ball was White: A History of Legendary Black Players and All-Black Professional Teams (Oxford University Press, 1992 [1970]). ISBN0-19-507637-0
- Reaves, Joseph A. Taking in a Game: A History of Baseball in Asia (Bison, 2004). ISBN0-8032-3943-2
- Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken Burns. Baseball: An Illustrated History (Alfred A. Knopf, 1996). ISBN0-679-40459-7
External links
- 'Baseball'. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
- Mister Baseball European baseball news
- Baseball Heritage Museum at League Park in Cleveland, Ohio
Chipper Jones, who spent his entire 19-year career with the Atlanta Braves, was one of six players enshrined in the Baseball Hall of Fame last year. (AP Photo/John Bazemore)
Newly-minted Hall of Famers Lee Smith, right, and Harold Baines greet media members during the Baseball Winter Meetings in Las Vegas on Dec. 10, 2018. They will be enshrined on July 21 along with anyone elected by the Baseball Writers Association of America. (AP Photo/John Locher)
Emotional Hall of Fame inductee Ken Griffey Jr. speaks during his 2016 induction ceremony at the Clark Sports Center in Cooperstown, N.Y. He received a record 99.32 per cent of the vote that year, with his name left off only three of 440 ballots cast. (AP Photo/Mike Groll)
Cal Ripken, Jr. not only holds the record for consecutive games played but also for drawing the largest Induction Weekend crowd to the Baseball Hall of Fame. (AP Photo/Mark Humphrey)